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建筑賞析|當歷史建筑邂逅能效，就有了一場打破常規的“改造趣談”

發布于：2025-04-04 11:03:10

首頁/技術分享/建筑賞析

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當歷史建筑邂逅能效，就有了一場打破常規的 “改造趣談”第1張圖片

Ford's Theater, Washington DC, USA. Image © Maxwell MacKenzie

美國歷史建筑應如何應對能效要求？
How Should Historic Buildings in the United States Address Energy Efficiency Mandates?

由專筑網Zia，小R編譯

美國歷史建筑承載著后世遺產，因其文化意義而備受贊譽和保護，但同時也得以豁免于某些能效規范。隨著城市為實現氣候目標而努力，這些規范將被嚴格審查。保護主義者認為，歷史建筑應該受到保護，以免受到潛在破壞性改造的影響。另一方面，可持續發展的倡導者則提出有必要在建筑環境的各個領域提高能效。挑戰在于如何在相互競爭的優先事項之間取得平衡，以維護遺產，并承擔環境責任。

在美國，許多因素的存在，使得歷史建筑無需遵守能效法規，其中一個主要原因是保護建筑的原始特征。許多歷史建筑都采用了獨特的材料，如手工木制品、磚石結構和裝飾性鐵制品，這些都有可能因現代能源改造而受到損害。國家公園管理局的修復標準以及監管機構都強調要保持原有材料，避免可能降低建筑真實性的改建。

The United States is a country with an extensive history, its buildings holding onto legacies from later times. For their cultural significance, these structures are greatly celebrated and protected, however, they are also exempt from certain energy efficiency mandates. As cities push toward reaching climate goals, these mandates are under scrutiny. Preservationists argue that historic buildings deserve protection from potentially damaging retrofits. On the other hand, sustainability advocates bring up the need for energy efficiency improvements across all sectors of the built environment. The challenge lies in achieving a balance between the competing priorities - ensuring the maintenance of heritage and environmental responsibility.
Many interrelated factors lend to the exemption of historic buildings in the U.S. from energy performance codes. A major reason is the commitment to preserving the building's original character. Many historic structures feature unique materials, such as hand-crafted woodwork, masonry, and decorative ironwork, that are at the risk of being compromised by modern energy retrofits. Regulatory bodies such as the National Park Service's Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation emphasize maintaining original materials and avoiding alterations that could diminish the building's authenticity.

當歷史建筑邂逅能效，就有了一場打破常規的 “改造趣談”第2張圖片

Pioneer House, Portland, USA. Image © M.O. Stevens

為達到現代能源標準而對老建筑進行改造的成本和復雜性帶來了另一個不可避免的挑戰。歷史建筑通常在結構上存在細微差別，因此很難在不進行極端改造的情況下集成高性能隔熱材料、雙層玻璃窗或現代暖通空調系統。現代能源法規往往側重于新建建筑和大型翻新工程，這意味著許多歷史建筑，除非正在進行大規模重建，否則仍然不受能源法規的約束。

歷史建筑是城市結構的重要組成部分，也會消耗大量的城市能源。一些建筑在設計時采用了被動式氣候控制策略，而另一些建筑則依賴于過時的機械系統，導致能源消耗過高。在紐約、波士頓和華盛頓特區等歷史建筑高度集中的城市，這種低效率問題尤為突出。

美國的地方政府已經開始在歷史建筑的能源性能方面推行更嚴格的問責制。例如，紐約市的第 97號地方法規對包括許多歷史建筑在內的大型建筑設定了排放上限，標志著從豁免政策的轉變。一些城市還要求對歷史建筑進行能源基準測試和性能報告，即使這些建筑還未被納入具體的改造要求。這些政策標志著廣泛趨勢的開始，即提高現有建筑的可持續性，包括那些具有歷史地位的建筑。

The cost and complexity of upgrading older buildings to meet contemporary energy standards bring another inevitable challenge. Historic buildings often have structural nuances that make it difficult to integrate high-performance insulation, double-glazed windows, or modern HVAC systems without extreme modifications. Modern energy codes tend to focus on new construction and major renovations, which implies that many historic buildings, unless undergoing substantial redevelopment, remain untouched by energy regulations.
Historic buildings constitute a significant part of the urban fabric and can consume substantial amounts of the city's energy. While some structures were designed with passive climate control strategies, others rely on outdated mechanical systems that contribute to excessive energy use. This inefficiency is especially an issue in cities with high concentrations of historic properties, such as New York, Boston, and Washington, D.C. Without a concerted effort to address their energy performance, these buildings could undermine broader urban sustainability efforts.
Local governments in the U.S. are beginning to push for greater accountability when it comes to the energy performance of historic buildings. New York City's Local Law 97, for example, places emissions caps on large buildings, including many historic structures, signaling a shift away from blanket exemptions. Some cities are also requiring energy benchmarking and performance reporting for historic structures, even if they are not yet subject to specific retrofit mandates. These policies mark the beginning of a broader trend toward increasing the sustainability of existing buildings, including those with historic status.

當歷史建筑邂逅能效，就有了一場打破常規的 “改造趣談”第3張圖片

Austrian Cultural Forum, New York, USA. Image © David Plakke

Trinity Church, New York, USA. Image © Giorgio Galeotti

隨著即將到來的政策更新，技術進步也使改造歷史建筑而不損害其建筑特色變得更加可行。在某些情況下，改造再利用項目提供了在不過度改變歷史結構的前提下整合可持續發展措施的機會。然而，由于擔心成本、監管障礙以及對建筑完整性的潛在不利影響，許多業主在進行能源升級時仍然猶豫不決。

推動變革的一個因素是，旨在鼓勵對歷史建筑進行可持續改造的財政激勵措施越來越多。聯邦歷史稅收抵免計劃為修復項目提供資金支持，有助于激勵對歷史建筑的保護。現在，一些州和城市正在將能效補助和稅收激勵納入這些項目，使業主更易于投資節能改造。這些激勵措施對于解決通常阻礙歷史建筑升級的經濟障礙至關重要。從紐約福特基金會總部到中西部地區的歷史性法院，都支持對一些最具標志性的建筑進行現代能源改造，在保護其歷史遺產的同時，也達到了當代可持續發展的標準。

Along with upcoming policy updates, technological advancements are also making it more feasible to retrofit historic buildings without compromising their architectural character. In some cases, adaptive reuse projects present opportunities to integrate sustainability measures without excessive alterations to the historic fabric. However, many property owners remain hesitant to pursue energy upgrades due to concerns over cost, regulatory hurdles, and the potential for adverse effects on historic integrity.
A driver of change is the increased availability of financial incentives aimed at encouraging sustainable retrofits of historic buildings. The federal Historic Tax Credit program, which provides financial support for rehabilitation projects, has helped incentivize preservation. Some states and municipalities are now incorporating energy efficiency grants and tax incentives into these programs, making it easier for property owners to invest in energy-saving improvements. These incentives are crucial in addressing the economic barriers that often prevent historic buildings from being upgraded. Some of America's most iconic buildings, from the Ford Foundation Headquarters in New York to historic courthouses across the Midwest, have already undergone modern energy retrofits that preserve their legacy while meeting contemporary sustainability standards.

當歷史建筑邂逅能效，就有了一場打破常規的 “改造趣談”第5張圖片

Wainwright Building, St. Louis, USA. Image © University of Missouri

這些項目證明了遺產與進步是可以共存的。歷史建筑改造對建筑師和工程師提出了挑戰，要求他們打破常規思維。與設計時考慮到適應性的現代建筑不同，歷史建筑面臨著獨特的限制，需要創造性的解決方案。這往往會帶來材料科學和工程學方面的突破，不僅有利于保護工作，還能為更廣泛的可持續建筑領域做出貢獻。

平衡歷史保護與能源效率是一項艱巨的任務，但越來越清楚的是，這兩個目標并不相互排斥。許多專家認為，為歷史建筑制定更加靈活、基于性能的能源法規，可能是實現這兩個目標的關鍵。以性能為基礎的法規將允許業主實施量身定制的解決方案，在提高能源效率的同時保護其建筑的獨特品質，而不是對歷史性建筑強加并不可行的標準。加強保護主義者、可持續發展專業人士和政策制定者之間的合作，可以使解決方案既尊重遺產，又實現氣候目標。

These projects serve as proof that heritage and progress can coexist. Historic building retrofits challenge architects and engineers to think outside the box. Unlike modern buildings designed with adaptability in mind, historic structures present unique constraints that require creative solutions. This often leads to breakthroughs in material science and engineering that benefit preservation efforts but also contribute to the broader field of sustainable architecture.
Balancing historic preservation with energy efficiency is an arduous task, but it is increasingly clear that these two goals are not mutually exclusive. Many experts argue that a more flexible, performance-based approach to energy codes for historic buildings could be the key to achieving both objectives. Instead of imposing rigid standards that may not be feasible for historic properties, performance-based codes would allow owners to implement tailored solutions that improve energy efficiency while preserving the unique qualities of their buildings. Increased collaboration between preservationists, sustainability professionals, and policymakers could enable solutions that respect both heritage and climate goals.

當歷史建筑邂逅能效，就有了一場打破常規的 “改造趣談”第6張圖片

Manhattan Building, Chicago, USA. Image © J. Crocker

展望未來，歷史建筑很可能會面臨越來越大的壓力，因為需要符合地方能效標準。面臨的挑戰將是法規的制定，因為既要承認這些建筑的重要性，又要確保它們有助于國家和地方的可持續發展。新出現的政策、技術和經濟激勵措施表明，保護和性能之間的共贏是存在的。長期以來，歷史建筑一直享有能源法規的豁免權，但未來可能需要一種更加綜合的方法，確保這些珍貴的建筑既具有文化意義，又對子孫后代的環境負責。

Looking ahead, it is likely that historic buildings will face increased pressure to comply with energy efficiency standards. The challenge will be crafting regulations that recognize the importance of these structures while also ensuring they contribute to national and local sustainability efforts. Emerging policies, technologies, and financial incentives suggest that a path forward exists that bridges the gap between preservation and performance. While historic buildings have long enjoyed exemptions from energy codes, the future will likely require a more integrated approach, ensuring that these treasured structures remain both culturally significant and environmentally responsible for generations to come.

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