老街上的紅磚衛(wèi)生間 Red Brick Public Toilet on Liuba Old Street Image © Yuanrong Zhang

廁所革命——如何讓男女“方便”更方便？
Spatial Equity in Urban Infrastructures: Public Restrooms Addressing Women’s Needs

由專筑網(wǎng)Yinglin，小R編譯

公共衛(wèi)生間與更衣設(shè)施的設(shè)計(jì)，長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)都以一種過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)的用戶需求假設(shè)為基礎(chǔ)，忽視了性別需求的復(fù)雜性，尤其是女性的獨(dú)特需求。這些需求不僅僅停留在生理差異層面，例如更高的隱私隔間需求、身高與體態(tài)的差異等，還包括那些隨著時(shí)間累積的、因文化背景而異的如廁使用習(xí)慣與期望。

以女性的日常穿著為例，現(xiàn)代女性的服裝往往缺乏足夠的口袋空間，因此，即便只是攜帶手機(jī)和錢包這樣的必需品，也通常需要帶上手提包。這種情況在使用公共衛(wèi)生間時(shí)帶來(lái)了額外的不便。盡管近年來(lái)建筑設(shè)計(jì)在嘗試解決這些不平等問(wèn)題，但生理、文化與性別認(rèn)同等多重因素交織，形成了復(fù)雜的挑戰(zhàn)，顯然無(wú)法通過(guò)“統(tǒng)一化”的解決方案輕松應(yīng)對(duì)。

近來(lái)的建筑項(xiàng)目開始注重空間公平，即在設(shè)計(jì)中細(xì)致考量如何讓女性衛(wèi)生間在可達(dá)性與便利性上達(dá)到與男性衛(wèi)生間相同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。一些設(shè)計(jì)選擇通過(guò)設(shè)置無(wú)性別衛(wèi)生間（unisex bathrooms）和中性隔間來(lái)盡可能消解性別界限；另一些設(shè)計(jì)則更關(guān)注空間公平（即男女衛(wèi)生間的占地面積相等）或設(shè)施公平（即衛(wèi)生設(shè)施數(shù)量相等），試圖在城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施中實(shí)現(xiàn)一種可見(jiàn)且可量化的公平意義。此外，也有設(shè)計(jì)堅(jiān)持保持性別特定的分區(qū)，但為女性提供更多隔間，以更好滿足需求。

隨著我們深入探討這些旨在促進(jìn)平等的現(xiàn)代衛(wèi)生間設(shè)計(jì)，我們不僅需要反思它們當(dāng)前的成效，還要作為用戶和設(shè)計(jì)者，思考如何在城市公共設(shè)施中實(shí)現(xiàn)真正有意義且切實(shí)可行的性別空間公平。

The design of public bathrooms and changing facilities has historically catered to a generalized notion of user needs, often oversimplifying the complexities of gender-specific requirements and falling short of supporting the unique needs of women. These needs extend beyond biological differences—such as the necessity for more stall privacy and differences in height and body posture—to include cultural factors that influence restroom use and expectations over time.
For instance, women's contemporary clothing often lacks adequate pocket space, resulting in the need to carry a handbag, even for simple essentials like phones and wallets. Despite efforts in recent architectural designs to address these disparities, the layered nuances of biological, cultural, and gender identity factors present a multifaceted challenge that defies a one-size-fits-all solution.
Contemporary projects have shown an increased awareness of spatial equity, paying careful attention to how female restrooms can be designed to offer accessibility and convenience on par with male restrooms. Some approaches focus on complete neutrality through unisex bathrooms with gender-neutral stalls, erasing distinctions. Others emphasize spatial equity (equal floor area) or fixture equity (equal numbers of fixtures), striving for visible and quantifiable fairness in urban infrastructure. Meanwhile, some designs maintain a gender-specific approach, with increased stall availability for one gender over the other. As we explore and reflect on current bathroom designs that seek to promote equality, we shall also consider how best to achieve meaningful, practical spatial-gender equality in public facilities within urban environments as both users and designers.

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重新思考無(wú)性別衛(wèi)生間：統(tǒng)一化設(shè)計(jì)是否忽視了核心用戶需求？

近年來(lái)，無(wú)性別衛(wèi)生間的興起標(biāo)志著衛(wèi)生間設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域的一次重要轉(zhuǎn)變，其目的在于通過(guò)設(shè)施標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化實(shí)現(xiàn)性別平等。然而，這種設(shè)計(jì)表面上看似公平，卻往往忽略了不同性別在如廁方式上的生理與文化差異。在追求“空間公平”的名義下，通過(guò)統(tǒng)一化的設(shè)計(jì)與設(shè)備配置，設(shè)計(jì)師是否在某種程度上回避了真正復(fù)雜的公平挑戰(zhàn)？要為多樣化的人群實(shí)現(xiàn)真正的用戶公平，僅僅依靠一致性顯然遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。

無(wú)性別衛(wèi)生間的確提供了更精簡(jiǎn)的設(shè)施，但這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化很少考慮到具體的需求，尤其是女性用戶的特殊需求，例如更高的衛(wèi)生要求、充足的換衣空間以及女性通常在衛(wèi)生間停留時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)的實(shí)際情況。盡管這些設(shè)計(jì)旨在創(chuàng)造平等，統(tǒng)一的隔間設(shè)置卻可能無(wú)法為所有用戶提供實(shí)際而周到的支持。此外，無(wú)性別衛(wèi)生間還可能在不同性別用戶出入隔間時(shí)造成一定的不適感，特別是無(wú)意間的尷尬互動(dòng)。同時(shí)，隱私感的缺失也讓用戶在整理服裝或調(diào)整儀容時(shí)感到不自在，無(wú)法像傳統(tǒng)性別分區(qū)衛(wèi)生間那樣提供安全感與舒適度。

盡管存在這些局限性，無(wú)性別衛(wèi)生間仍然為所有性別用戶，超越傳統(tǒng)的男性與女性范疇，提供了一種更安全且更具包容性的設(shè)計(jì)方式。通過(guò)將每個(gè)隔間設(shè)置為獨(dú)立的私人空間，無(wú)性別衛(wèi)生間重新定義了傳統(tǒng)公共衛(wèi)生間的共用區(qū)域，使洗手池和鏡子等區(qū)域能夠向所有人開放。這種設(shè)計(jì)方式對(duì)不斷演變的性別認(rèn)同表現(xiàn)出高度的適應(yīng)性，兼顧了“生理性別”和“認(rèn)同性別”的需求，同時(shí)避免了用戶之間可能產(chǎn)生的困惑或沖突。在這一意義上，無(wú)性別衛(wèi)生間將成為一項(xiàng)友好且可及的解決方案，能夠更好地滿足多樣化性別表達(dá)與需求的群體，是邁向包容性公共設(shè)施的重要舉措。

Rethinking Unisex Bathrooms: Are Homogeneous Designs Ignoring Essential User Needs?
A significant design shift in recent years has been the rise of unisex bathrooms, intended to promote equality by standardizing facilities for all genders. While this approach appears equitable on the surface, it often overlooks the biological and cultural differences in how different genders use bathrooms. By homogenizing bathroom spaces and fixture counts in the name of equality, are designers simply sidestepping the nuanced challenges of spatial equity? Achieving genuine user equity in perse populations requires more than uniformity.
Unisex bathrooms may offer streamlined facilities, but this standardization rarely accounts for specific needs, particularly those of women, such as hygiene requirements, adequate changing space, and the additional time required for restroom use. While intended to create equality, the shift to unisex stalls can fail to provide practical and thoughtful support for all users. Moreover, it can inadvertently create awkwardness, especially in indirect interactions between genders as they exit the stalls. The lack of privacy may also make it more difficult for inpiduals to fix their clothing or appearance, creating a less comfortable or secure environment compared to traditional gender-specific bathrooms.
Despite their limitations, unisex bathrooms offer a safer and more inclusive approach to restroom design for all genders, beyond women and men. By isolating each stall as a private boundary, they redefine the communal washroom space to be more open and welcoming, allowing the sink and mirror areas to be accessible to everyone. This approach is exceptionally accommodating for the evolving spectrum of gender identities, addressing both 'biological' and 'identified' gender considerations without creating potential confusion or conflicts among users. In this way, unisex bathrooms continue to be one of the most friendly and accessible solutions for perse gender expressions and needs.


“潛望鏡”衛(wèi)生間

Periscope Toilet / Hexia Architects

Image © Gushang Culture

平面圖 Floorplan. Image © Hexia Architects


橋-衛(wèi)生間

Bridge - Toilet / FMD

Image © Yuanrong Zhang

平面圖 Floorplan. Image © FMD

平面圖 - Floorplan. Image © FMD

示意圖 Diagram. Image © FMD


售貨亭與公共衛(wèi)生間

Kiosks and Public Toilets / LANZA Atelier

Image © Camila Cossio

平面圖 Floorplan. Image © LANZA Atelier

公共衛(wèi)生間中的空間公平與設(shè)備公平：如何衡量女性如廁便利性的不同指標(biāo)？

在公共衛(wèi)生間未采用無(wú)性別設(shè)計(jì)的情況下，平等性的討論通常圍繞“空間公平”（Spatial Equity）和“設(shè)備公平”（Fixture Equity）這兩種可量化的指標(biāo)展開。這兩種指標(biāo)分別用來(lái)評(píng)估不同性別群體在公共設(shè)施中的平等獲取權(quán)。空間公平指的是為不同性別分配等量的使用面積，而設(shè)備公平則強(qiáng)調(diào)為每個(gè)性別提供相等數(shù)量的隔間或衛(wèi)生設(shè)施。

在高成本的城市地區(qū)，空間公平通常被視為最具經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的方案，因?yàn)槊恳黄椒接⒊叩目臻g都有其經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。從財(cái)政角度來(lái)看，為男性和女性衛(wèi)生間分配等量的空間被認(rèn)為是一種資源分配上的公平。然而，空間公平并不總能轉(zhuǎn)化為其他平等指標(biāo)，例如設(shè)備公平。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，男性衛(wèi)生間通常包含小便池，這類設(shè)施占用的空間小于隔間。因此，即便男性和女性衛(wèi)生間的占地面積相同，男性衛(wèi)生間內(nèi)可能包含更多的衛(wèi)生設(shè)備，從而導(dǎo)致設(shè)備數(shù)量的不平衡。

針對(duì)這一問(wèn)題，有些設(shè)計(jì)選擇優(yōu)先考慮設(shè)備公平，即通過(guò)為男女衛(wèi)生間提供相等數(shù)量的設(shè)備來(lái)解決這一不平等問(wèn)題。為了彌補(bǔ)小便池占地小的特點(diǎn)，這類設(shè)計(jì)會(huì)在女性衛(wèi)生間中增設(shè)更多封閉式隔間，以平衡設(shè)備的總量。然而，設(shè)備公平本身也并非完美的解決方案，因?yàn)樾”愠睾透糸g的功能不同，二者無(wú)法簡(jiǎn)單地相互替代。這種差異使得單純依賴設(shè)備數(shù)量上的平等仍無(wú)法完全滿足所有用戶的需求和包容性目標(biāo)。

真正成功的設(shè)計(jì)往往能夠在空間公平與設(shè)備公平之間找到平衡，通過(guò)融合這兩種原則，為本地需求、土地經(jīng)濟(jì)性以及性別比例量身定制混合型解決方案。這種綜合策略不僅能夠有效平衡公共衛(wèi)生間的用戶需求，還能在促進(jìn)包容性和可達(dá)性方面取得實(shí)際成效。

Spatial vs. Fixture Equity in Restrooms: Addressing Different Metrics for Women's Bathroom Accessibility
When public restrooms are not designed as unisex, the concept of equality often centers on either spatial or fixture equity—two quantifiable metrics for assessing equal access to public facilities. Spatial equity provides an equal amount of floor area for different genders, while fixture equity ensures an equal number of stalls or fixtures for each.
Spatial equity is often considered the most financially balanced approach, particularly in high-cost urban areas where every square foot has economic value. From a financial standpoint, providing equal floor area for male and female restrooms can be viewed as a fair allocation of resources. However, spatial equity does not always equate to other equality metrics, such as fixture equity. For example, men's restrooms often incorporate urinals, which require less floor space than enclosed stalls. As a result, a bathroom with equal floor area but mixed fixtures may have more overall fixtures in the men's restroom, potentially creating an imbalance in fixture availability.
Some restroom designs prioritize fixture equity by ensuring equal fixture counts between male and female facilities, even if this requires differing floor areas. This approach compensates for the smaller footprint of urinals by adding more enclosed stalls in women's restrooms, thus balancing fixture availability. However, fixture equity alone can be insufficient for true restroom equality, as urinals and stalls serve distinct purposes, leaving open questions about their functionality and inclusivity as a fixture count.
Successful projects often navigate these nuances by addressing spatial and fixture equity in tandem, creating a balanced, hybrid approach tailored to local needs, land economics, and gender demographics. This integrated strategy strikes a thoughtful balance, accommodating perse user needs in public restrooms while supporting genuine inclusivity and accessibility.


面向花海的衛(wèi)生間

Palm Toilet Facing the Sea of Flowers / Zaixing Architectural Design

Image © Xiaobin Lv

一層平面圖 1st Floor Plan. Image © Zaixing Architectural Design

二層平面圖 2nd Floor Plan. Image © Zaixing Architectural Design


老街上的紅磚衛(wèi)生間

Red Brick Public Toilet on Liuba Old Street / Shulin Architectural Design

Image © Yilong Zhao

平面圖 Floorplan. Image © Shulin Architectural Design


公共衛(wèi)生間

Public Toilets / Piotr Musialowski + Lukasz Przybylowicz

Image © Maciej Gasienica Giewont

平面圖 Floorplan. Image © Piotr Musialowski + Lukasz Przybylowicz


Zuzhai鄉(xiāng)村里的公共衛(wèi)生間

Public Toilets in Zuzhai Village / cnS

Image © Siming Wu

平面圖 Floorplan. Image © cnS


Mt Tung-Yen公共衛(wèi)生間

Mt Tung-Yen Public Toilet / AMBi Studio

Image © Te-Fan Wang

平面圖 Floorplan. Image © AMBi Studio

從忽視到洞察：為城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施量身定制性別包容的衛(wèi)生間比例

盡管具體的衛(wèi)生間設(shè)計(jì)有時(shí)因未充分考慮公平需求而偏向某一性別，但更常見(jiàn)的情況是，這種設(shè)計(jì)選擇受到特定人口結(jié)構(gòu)或?qū)嶋H使用需求的影響。在某些場(chǎng)景中，業(yè)主或設(shè)計(jì)師可能會(huì)有意調(diào)整衛(wèi)生間的比例，以反映實(shí)際的用戶使用模式。例如，在女性占多數(shù)的購(gòu)物區(qū)域中，更高比例的女性衛(wèi)生設(shè)施能夠更好地滿足實(shí)際需求，而不是機(jī)械地遵循統(tǒng)一的衛(wèi)生間分配原則。同樣，在男性訪客或員工占絕大多數(shù)的場(chǎng)所，更偏向男性需求的衛(wèi)生間布局也可能更為合理。

一個(gè)值得關(guān)注的案例是Steamarch事務(wù)所近期對(duì)湖南街公共服務(wù)站的改造。在這一項(xiàng)目中，設(shè)計(jì)師認(rèn)識(shí)到原有的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施未能充分滿足當(dāng)代社會(huì)對(duì)性別平衡的期待。在設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)整中，他們對(duì)空間布局和設(shè)備數(shù)量進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化。通過(guò)重新配置入口和周邊景觀等元素，以及重新分配衛(wèi)生間的使用面積和設(shè)施數(shù)量，實(shí)現(xiàn)了男性與女性用戶之間更為均衡的資源分配。這些調(diào)整不僅提升了使用便利性，還更公平地滿足了兩性需求。隨著城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的不斷發(fā)展與更新，建筑師們?cè)絹?lái)越注重在公共設(shè)施中反映這些變化。然而，即使在多方努力下，實(shí)現(xiàn)“真正的”衛(wèi)生間性別公平仍然是一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜的挑戰(zhàn)。

From Oversight to Insight: Tailoring Restroom Ratios for Gender Inclusivity in Urban Infrastructure
Specific bathroom designs continue to prioritize one gender, sometimes due to oversight in addressing equitable needs, though more frequently, this is influenced by specific demographic or operational considerations. In some cases, owners or designers may intentionally adjust restroom ratios to reflect user patterns; for example, a female-majority shopping area might benefit from a higher ratio of women's facilities to better meet actual demand rather than adhering to a uniform restroom distribution. Similarly, areas with predominately male visitors or employees may inform a more male-oriented restroom layout.
In one recent example, a renovation of the Hunan Street Public Service Station by Steamarch, the designers recognized that the existing infrastructure didn't fully address contemporary expectations for gender balance. The design revision incorporated changes in both spatial arrangements and fixture counts. These adjustments, along with reorienting elements like entryways and landscape features, created a more balanced distribution of floor area and facilities between male and female users, addressing the needs of both genders more equitably. As urban infrastructure evolves and renovates, architects are increasingly mindful of adapting public amenities to reflect these shifts, even while "true" restroom gender equity remains challenging to define.


山頂休息空間

The Rest Space at the Top of Mt.Rokko / ofa

Image © Shigeo Ogawa

平面圖 Floorplan. Image © ofa


森林里的公共衛(wèi)生間

Circle of Forest and People Public Restroom / Yamashita Sekkei

Image © Yashiro Photo Office

平面圖 Floorplan. Image © Yamashita Sekkei


湖南街公共服務(wù)站

Hunan Street Public Service Station / Steamarch

Image © XiaoXiao

新平面圖 New Floorplan. Image © Steamarch

平面圖 Floorplan. Image

時(shí)間的隱性影響：實(shí)現(xiàn)公共衛(wèi)生間性別公平的關(guān)鍵因素

在探討城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的平等性時(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)決策往往依賴于那些容易量化的指標(biāo)來(lái)證明其合理性。然而，要在衛(wèi)生間設(shè)計(jì)中實(shí)現(xiàn)真正的性別公平，遠(yuǎn)不止依靠簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)字比較；例如，使用衛(wèi)生間所需的時(shí)間這一關(guān)鍵因素，常常被忽略。研究表明，女性在衛(wèi)生間中平均需要的時(shí)間通常更長(zhǎng)——約為1分30秒，而男性的平均時(shí)間為1分鐘。以一個(gè)包含5個(gè)隔間的衛(wèi)生間為例，在15分鐘內(nèi)，大約有50名女性能夠完成使用，而男性則可達(dá)到75人，這一差距顯然造成了使用效率上的不平等。由此，我們不禁要問(wèn)：如何通過(guò)更好的設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)解決女性衛(wèi)生間前往往出現(xiàn)的更長(zhǎng)排隊(duì)問(wèn)題？盡管可能沒(méi)有單一的設(shè)計(jì)方法可以完全解決衛(wèi)生間所有公平性問(wèn)題，但定期審視設(shè)施數(shù)量、空間分配和用戶便利性是十分必要的。通過(guò)這樣的不斷優(yōu)化，衛(wèi)生間設(shè)計(jì)才能逐步更包容地滿足多樣化的需求，減少排隊(duì)時(shí)間，提升使用體驗(yàn)。

The Hidden Impact of Time in Achieving Gender Equity in Public Restrooms
In addressing equality in urban infrastructures, the underlying motivation appears rooted in achieving easily quantifiable equality, justifying design decisions. However, creating genuine gender equity in restroom design involves more than simple metrics; other factors, such as time spent in facilities, are often overlooked. Studies show that women typically require more time in restrooms—averaging 1 minute 30 seconds compared to men's 1 minute. In a five-stall restroom, this difference means that in 15 minutes, approximately 50 women could use the restroom compared to 75 men, creating a notable disparity. How can we design better to address the often imbalanced waiting times for public bathrooms, frequently with a significantly longer queue for female stalls? While no single approach may fully address all aspects of restroom equity, regularly assessing fixture count, spatial allocation, and user convenience is crucial in evolving restroom design to more inclusively meet perse needs.

老街上的紅磚衛(wèi)生間 Red Brick Public Toilet on Liuba Old Street. Image © Yilong Zhao

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