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世界歷史遺跡保護基金會發布2025年度觀察名單——這些瀕危遺產亟待守護
The World Monuments Fund has announced its 2025 Watch – here are some of the endangered sites on the list
由專筑網Yinglin，小R編譯
每兩年，世界歷史遺跡保護基金會（WMF）會遴選25處最具保護緊迫性的全球重要遺產。從安哥拉的現代主義地標到加沙的文化廢墟，這些瀕危遺產折射出人類文明的共同困境。
Every two years, the World Monuments Fund creates a list of 25 monuments of global significance deemed most in need of restoration. From a modernist icon in Angola to the cultural wreckage of Gaza, these are the heritage sites highlighted
安哥拉納米貝電影制片廠
Cinema Studio Namibe, Angola
(Image credit: WALTER FERNANDES, GOETHE INSTITUT)
世界歷史遺跡保護基金會觀察名單旨在揭示因全球化、旅游業、沖突與氣候變化等因素瀕危的文化歷史遺產。通過每兩年一次的公開提名，喚起對脆弱遺產與關鍵修復項目的關注。
2025年度觀察名單收到來自69個國家逾200項提名，最終僅有25處入選。WMF的評選標準涵蓋遺產的在地性與全球價值、項目緊迫性及可行性。本年度名單覆蓋29個國家——從巴勒斯坦到法國，甚至包含月球（后文詳述）。
入選遺產將獲得WMF多維支持：全球曝光度提升與專業技術扶持?；饡F隊將與遺產地協作制定宣傳、籌款及實地保護策略。
從非洲斯瓦希里海岸到土耳其安塔基亞古城，觀察名單揭示的挑戰恰是全球社會的縮影：撒哈拉以南非洲81%遺產受氣候變化威脅；亞太地區62%面臨快速城市化沖擊；拉美與加勒比海地區主要壓力來自旅游業；中東與北非則聚焦沖突與災后重建。這印證著遺產保護與社會政治議題的深刻交織。
The World Monuments Fund’s Watch list identifies monuments of cultural and historical significance that are endangered by factors such as globalisation, tourism, conflict and climate change. An open call for nominations, which come from local groups or even inpiduals, is held every two years to call attention to at-risk heritage and key restoration projects.
This year, the Watch received over 200 nominations pertaining to heritage sites in 69 countries. However, there are only 25 places available. The WMF’s selection process considers things like a site’s local and global significance, the urgency of the proposed project, and its likelihood of success. The 2025 list spans 29 countries, ranging from Palestine to France, plus – more on this later – the Moon.
For selected sites, the WMF galvanises action in a number of ways: being on the Watch provides them with global recognition, but also concrete expertise. Members collaborate with sites to co-design strategies for awareness, fundraising and on-the-ground preservation.
From Africa’s Swahili Coast to the Old City of Antakya in Turkey, the types of challenges faced by monuments on the Watch reflect the problems we face as a global society. In Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, 81 per cent of 2025 Watch sites cited climate change as the main challenge faced. In Asia and the Pacific, 62 per cent cited rapid urbanisation and development. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the biggest problem was tourism, and in the Middle East and North Africa it was conflict and crisis recovery. This illustrates the extent to which heritage and conservation are wrapped up in social, political and geopolitical issues.
以下是2025觀察名單中的部分重點遺產：
Here are some of the heritage sites prioritised by the WMF in 2025.
安哥拉納米貝電影制片廠
Cinema Studio Namibe, Angola
(Image credit: WALTER FERNANDES)
上世紀40年代至70年代初期，安哥拉迎來影院建設熱潮。這些最初由葡萄牙殖民政權作為宣傳工具建造的影院，逐漸演變為社交與娛樂的公共空間，放映本土與國際影片。隨著安哥拉獨立戰爭爆發，影院轉而放映反映解放運動革命思想的宣傳材料。
位于莫桑梅德斯的納米貝電影制片廠是這一時期的標志性建筑。由葡萄牙建筑師José Botelho Pereira設計，該建筑是“熱帶現代主義”建筑的典范，映射著20世紀安哥拉的文化政治史。工程始于1973年，但因1975年安哥拉內戰爆發而夭折。
在時間洪流的沖擊下，如今的納米貝電影制片廠與同期影院共同陷入了衰敗境地。近期莫桑梅德斯的城市更新計劃使其重獲關注。
Between 1940 and the early-1970s, Angola saw a surge in the construction of cinemas. Initially created by the Portuguese colonial regime as instruments for propaganda, these theatres became popular spaces for socialising and entertainment, showing national and international films and then, following the onset of Angola’s War of Independence, material that reflected the revolutionary ideas of the liberation movement.
The construction of these cinemas coincided with the modernist movement, resulting in fantastic structures like the Cinema Studio Namibe, located in Moçâmedes (formerly Namibe). Designed by Portuguese architect José Botelho Pereira, this is a prime example of tropical modernist architecture, and echoes the cultural and political history of twentieth-century Angola. Construction began in 1973, but never completed due to the outbreak of the Angolan Civil War two years later.
Today, the Cinema Studio Namibe lies in a state of decay, as do many of the cinemas built around the same time. Recent urban regeneration initiatives in Moçâmedes, however, have brought attention to its state.
中國麥積山與云岡石窟
Buddhist grottoes of Maijishan and Yungang, China
(Image credit: Shutterstock)
佛教石窟是古代中國杰出的遺產。位于中國北方的麥積山和云岡的巖刻建筑中，有許多洞窟寺廟，其中一些洞窟內包含了數百個手工挖掘的祈禱廳和壁龕。石窟藝術是華夏文明的重要遺產。甘肅麥積山現存194窟7200余尊雕塑與壁畫，山西云岡石窟肇建于5-6世紀北魏時期。
二者雖均被列為世界遺產，卻面臨大規模旅游的沖擊：麥積山年接待游客約100萬人次，旺季單日流量高達1.3萬人，致使其懸空棧道不堪重負。兩地亟需制定更完善的參觀管理與保護策略，以平衡游客的到訪與遺產保護。
Buddhist grottoes are among the most remarkable legacies of ancient China. The rock-cut architecture at Maijishan and Yungang in northern China is home to cave temples, some containing hundreds of hand-excavated prayer halls and niches. The Maijishan grottoes, located in the mountains of Gansu Province, contain 194 caves housing over 7,200 sculptures and murals. The Yungang grottoes, in Shanxi Province, were created during the Northern Wei Dynasty in the fifth and sixth centuries.
Both Maijishan and Yungang are designated as World Heritage Sites, and are increasingly threatened by the impact of mass tourism. Around one million people visit Maijishan each year, with as many as 13,000 per day during peak season, putting immense strain on the cantilevered walkways. Both sites need improved visitation and preservation strategies to help balance accessibility and protection.
巴勒斯坦加沙歷史城區
Gaza historic urban fabric, Palestine
(Image credit: Getty Images)
近期沖突對加沙文化遺產造成毀滅性打擊。根據世界銀行、歐盟與聯合國2024年3月的評估，63%的遺產遭受破壞，31%完全損毀。聯合國教科文組織統計顯示，以色列轟炸已損毀75處遺產，其中包括：建于12世紀的圣波菲里教堂（加沙現存最古老教堂）、加沙規模最大且歷史最悠久的大歐瑪里清真寺，以及可追溯至前伊斯蘭時期撒瑪利亞文明的薩馬拉浴場。這片土地承載著約1.2萬年的文明史。
文化遺產的毀滅不僅抹除歷史記憶，更削弱社區韌性、身份認同與士氣，使得遺產保護成為長期重建的核心環節。
The recent conflict in Gaza has taken a devastating toll on its cultural landmarks. According to an assessment by the World Bank, European Union and United Nations conducted nearly a year ago, in March 2024, 63 per cent of Gaza’s heritage sites had sustained damage, with 31 per cent completely destroyed. According to Unesco, Israeli bombardment has damaged or destroyed 75 heritage sites, many of which reflect Gaza’s role as a crossroads of civilisations: the Church of Saint Porphyrius, for example, is the oldest active church in Gaza, built in the 1100s. The Great Omari Mosque is Gaza’s largest and oldest mosque, and Hammam al-Sammara, a bathhouse, has pre-Islamic Samaritan origins. This region is replete with cultural history spanning approximately 12,000 years.
The destruction of heritage not only erases the past but also undermines community resilience, identity and morale, making preservation integral to long-term reconstruction.
美國緬因州歷史燈塔群
Historic lighthouses of Maine, USA
(Image credit: Dominic Trapani)
緬因州燈塔是該州工業與繁榮歷史的象征。啟用于1791年的波特蘭頭燈塔是最古老的燈塔，與后續建造的68座燈塔共同守護海岸線至1910年。這些燈塔頻繁現身美國文學與流行文化，如朗費羅詩作《燈塔》與1994年電影《阿甘正傳》。
現存66座歷史燈塔中，57座仍在使用自動化技術導航。然而，海平面上升與風暴潮加劇正威脅其存續。
Maine’s lighthouses serve as beacons of the state’s history of industry and prosperity. They guarded its coastline for centuries, with the Portland Head Light, Maine’s oldest lighthouse, first being lit in 1791. A further 68 were constructed by 1910 – these lighthouses have featured prominently in American literature and popular culture, including Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poem The Lighthouse and the 1994 film Forrest Gump.
Today, 66 of Maine’s historic light stations remain, 57 of which still guide sailors using modern automated techniques. However, climate change – specifically rising sea levels and increased storm surges – poses a significant threat.
月球遺產
The Moon
(Image credit: NASA)
月球竟成瀕危遺產？若將1969年阿波羅11號登月視為人類重大科學文化里程碑，便不難理解其保護意義。月表現存90余處歷史遺址，包括阿波羅11號著陸點“靜?；亍迸c尼爾·阿姆斯特朗的足跡。
隨著SpaceX等私營企業推動新一輪太空探索，以及全球太空經濟（預計2035年達1.8萬億美元）催生的月球開發熱潮，WMF呼吁建立長效保護機制，守護這些“人類文明方舟”。
The Moon, an endangered monument? Apparently so. When you think about the fact that the Apollo 11 mission of 1969 was one of humanity’s most significant scientific and cultural milestones, it makes sense. The Moon is home to over 90 historic sites and artifacts, including Tranquility Base, where Apollo 11 landed, and Neil Armstrong’s first footprints.
As we sit on the precipice of a new era of space exploration driven by private companies such as SpaceX, and as the global space economy, projected to reach $1.8 trillion by 2035, drives increased activity on the Moon’s surface, WMF suggests that we need to consider the long-term protection of our lunar heritage.
其它名單如下：
Also on the 2025 Watch list…
秘魯瓦魯古農田系統
War Waru agricultural fields, Peru
(Image credit: World Monuments Fund)
印度布杰古城歷史水系
Bhuj historic water systems, India
(Image credit: Shutterstock)
阿爾巴尼亞德里諾河谷修道院群
Monasteries of Drino Valley, Albania
(Image credit: World Monuments Fund)
突尼斯麥地那古城蓄水池
Water reservoirs of the Tunis Medina, Tunisia
(Image credit: Adobe Stock)
烏克蘭基輔教師之家
Kyiv Teacher’s House, Ukraine
(Image credit: World Monuments Fund)
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