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公眾號名稱：BIM譯站
公眾號賬號：BIM2018130
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4.1.3 團隊溝通
成功的團隊運行依賴于合作，合作又反過來依賴于流暢的和開放的溝通。相應地，創造一個能夠促進團隊成員之間充分共享信息的環境和機制對于成功地實施IPD至關重要。
首要溝通協議的開發和應用能簡化溝通并促進項目數據在各參與方之間和各種技術之間的傳遞。通過聯合研討會開發溝通協議和其它溝通工具，在聯合研討會中，項目團隊討論并決定如何使用、管理并轉換信息用于確保統一并正確地使用共享信息。在研討會中建立的決議和溝通協議會被記錄并成為項目的信息規范。
4.1.4 建筑信息模型（BIM）
作為鏈接到項目信息數據庫的三維數字模型，建筑信息模型（BIM）是支持IPD最強大的工具之一。因為BIM可以在一個數據庫中整合設計、制造信息、安裝說明和項目管理物流等，它能在項目的設計階段到施工階段提供一個協作平臺。另外，因為在建筑整個生命周期內模型和數據庫都能一直存在，業主可在竣工之后將BIM用于管理設施，例如空間規劃、家具裝設、監控長期能源效能、維修以及再建模。
BIM是一項不斷改進的技術，并且在目前階段沒有始終如一的使用下去。舉個例子，小型項目以及大型項目的一部分可使用單獨的一個模型，但是大型的、復雜的項目可能要依賴于很多由專業參與方搭建的模型進行互聯。主要加工商的模型可與設計模型進行交叉來直接生成采購信息，并在設計和采購進行的同時協調沖突。與類似實踐相比，承包商可在實際施工之前，將工作模型與設計模型交互使用來為預施工提供施工階段和日程規劃，最后達到減少時間和材料浪費的目的。在項目早期，也能將模型用于準確的成本預算。對于現場、時間或財務方面有限制以至于無法進行的極其復雜的項目，BIM也能以各種方式開展工作。
BIM是一項工具，而不是項目交付模式，但是IPD模式與BIM聯手可將工具的能力放大。IPD項目團隊就有關如何發展、訪問并使用模型以及如何在各模型之間和各參與方之間轉換信息的問題達成了一致認識。沒有這種清晰的認識，可能會導致模型的不正確和不正當使用。要基于功能和互操作性選取軟件。開放的技術平臺對于將BIM和其它模型整合到項目流程至關重要，它們也促進了各個層面的項目利益溝通。為在這方面提供幫助，可互操作的數據交換協議正處于開發階段并正獲得市場的認可。
對于建模的詳細程度、特定應用所需的誤差、模型服務的目的（例如是否會將模型用于開發成本數據，是否會將模型作為合同文件），也做出并記錄與之相關的決策。如果把模型作為合同文件，那么模型與其它合同文件之間的關系就確定了。協議也是為了沖突解決方案和提交審查而建立的。如果將模型用于開發成本數據，協議就是為了如何創建并轉換成本信息而創建的。除此之外，持有、管理并完成模型的方式也就是確定的了。
這些決策和協議對于在IPD中高效使用BIM是很重要的。與上面討論過的溝通決策和協議類似，通過聯合研討會能最好地開發BIM決策和協議。所有決策都要被記錄下來并對任何參與方都是隨時可用的——如此能確保模型的使用在整個項目進程中都是一致的。
未完待續—
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—CONTINUE
4.1.3 Team Communications
Successful team operations rely on collaboration, which, in turn, necessarily relies on fluid and open communication. Accordingly, creating an atmosphere and mechanisms that facilitate the adequate sharing of information between and among team members is essential to successfully implementing IPD.
The development and use of an overarching communication protocol streamlines communications and facilitates the transfer of project data between participants and between technologies. The communication protocol and other communication tools are developed through joint workshops in which the project team discusses and decides how information will be used, managed and exchanged to ensure consistent and appropriate use of shared information. The decisions and communication protocol established at the workshops are documented and become the project’s information specification.
4.1.4 Building Information Modeling
Building Information Modeling (BIM), a digital, three-dimensional model linked to a database of project information, is one of the most powerful tools supporting IPD. Because BIM can combine, among other things, the design, fabrication information, erection instructions, and project management logistics in one database, it provides a platform for collaboration throughout the project’s design and construction. Additionally, because the model and database can exist for the life of a building, the owner may use BIM to manage the facility well beyond completion of construction for such purposes as space planning, furnishing, monitoring long term energy performance, maintenance, and remodeling.
BIM is an evolving technology and is not used consistently in the industry at the present time. For example, a small project or a portion of a large project may utilize a single model, but a large, complex project may depend upon many interconnected models developed by specialty participants. Major fabricator models may interact with a design model to produce fabrication information directly and to coordinate conflicts as the design and purchasing proceed simultaneously. Compared with analog practices, the constructor’s work model can reduce time and material waste by interacting with the design model to provide construction staging and scheduling to pre-build the project in model form far in advance of actual construction. Models also allow for more accurate costing and estimating earlier in the project. The use of BIM allows the efficient development of extremely complex projects in ways that might otherwise not be possible given constraints of site, time or finances.
BIM is a tool, not a project delivery method, but IPD process methods work hand in hand with BIM and leverage the tool’s capabilities. The IPD project team reaches an understanding regarding how the model will be developed, accessed, and used, and how information can be exchanged between models and participants. Without such a clear understanding, the model may be used incorrectly or for an unintended purpose. Software choices are made on the basis of functionality and interoperability. Open technology platforms are essential to the integration of BIM and other models into the process and they foster communication to the benefit of the project on all levels. To aid in this area, interoperable data exchange protocols are in development and are gaining acceptance in the marketplace.
Decisions are also made and documented regarding the level of detail to be modeled, the tolerances required for specific uses, and the purposes the model will serve, such as whether the model will be used to develop cost data, and will function as a contract document. If it serves as a contract document, then the relationship between the model(s) and other contract documents is determined. Protocols are also established for conflict resolution and submittal review as well. If the model is used to develop cost data, protocols are developed for how cost information will be created and exchanged. In addition, the methods for hosting, managing and archiving the model are determined.
These decisions and protocols are vital to the effective use of BIM in IPD. Similar to the communications decisions and protocols discussed above, BIM decisions and protocols are best developed through joint workshops.
Any and all decisions are documented and readily available to any participant that will utilize the model—thus ensuring consistent use of the model over the course of the project.
TO BE CONTINUED—
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